Federal
The federal government is responsible for issues that affect the entire country, like national defense, immigration, foreign affairs, trade, and currency. Meanwhile, provincial and territorial governments take care of regional matters such as healthcare, education, and natural resources. At the local level, municipal governments (like city councils) handle things such as public transit, water supply, and waste management.
At the top of the federal government is the executive branch, led by the Prime Minister, who is the head of government. The Governor General represents the King of Canada, acting as the ceremonial head of state. The legislative branch is called Parliament, which consists of two parts: the House of Commons (made up of elected Members of Parliament, or MPs) and the Senate (appointed by the Prime Minister). Laws are proposed and debated in Parliament before they can be passed. Lastly, Canada has a strong and independent judicial branch, with courts such as the Supreme Court of Canada, which interpret laws and ensure they follow the Constitution.
联邦政府负责影响整个国家的事务，例如国防、移民、外交、贸易和货币。同时，省和地区政府负责处理医疗、教育和自然资源等区域事务。在地方层面，市政府（例如市议会）负责公共交通、供水和废物管理等事务。 联邦政府的最高权力机构是行政部门，由总理领导，总理是政府首脑。总督代表加拿大国王，担任礼仪性国家元首。立法部门称为议会，由两部分组成：下议院（由民选议员组成）和参议院（由总理任命）。法律在议会提出和辩论后才能通过。最后，加拿大拥有强大而独立的司法部门，其法院（例如加拿大最高法院）负责解释法律并确保其符合宪法。
- Elections are held at least every 4 years, but can be called earlier. - Canada is divided into ridings (aka electoral districts), each electing 1 MP to the House of Commons. - The candidate with the most votes in a riding wins (first-past-the-post system). - The party that wins the most elected MPs is invited to form the government. - If a party wins more than half the seats, they form a majority government. - If they win less than half but still more than other parties, it’s a minority government. - The Prime Minister is the leader of the winning party. - Federal elections are managed by an independent agency called Elections Canada. - To vote, you must be 18 or older and a Canadian citizen. - Voting is available in person on election day, during advance voting, or by mail-in ballot.
- 选举至少每四年举行一次，但可以提前举行。 - 加拿大分为多个选区（又称选区），每个选区选举一名下议院议员。 - 在每个选区中获得最多选票的候选人获胜（简单多数制）。 - 赢得最多当选议员的政党将受邀组建政府。 - 如果一个政党赢得超过半数的席位，则组成多数政府。 - 如果该政党赢得的席位少于半数，但仍多于其他政党，则组成少数政府。 - 总理是获胜政党的领导人。 - 联邦选举由名为加拿大选举局的独立机构管理。 - 您必须年满 18 岁且是加拿大公民才能投票。 - 您可以在选举日亲自投票、提前投票或通过邮寄投票进行投票。
联邦政府负责影响整个国家的事务，例如国防、移民、外交、贸易和货币。同时，省和地区政府负责处理医疗、教育和自然资源等区域事务。在地方层面，市政府（例如市议会）负责公共交通、供水和废物管理等事务。 联邦政府的最高权力机构是行政部门，由总理领导，总理是政府首脑。总督代表加拿大国王，担任礼仪性国家元首。立法部门称为议会，由两部分组成：下议院（由民选议员组成）和参议院（由总理任命）。法律在议会提出和辩论后才能通过。最后，加拿大拥有强大而独立的司法部门，其法院（例如加拿大最高法院）负责解释法律并确保其符合宪法。
- Elections are held at least every 4 years, but can be called earlier. - Canada is divided into ridings (aka electoral districts), each electing 1 MP to the House of Commons. - The candidate with the most votes in a riding wins (first-past-the-post system). - The party that wins the most elected MPs is invited to form the government. - If a party wins more than half the seats, they form a majority government. - If they win less than half but still more than other parties, it’s a minority government. - The Prime Minister is the leader of the winning party. - Federal elections are managed by an independent agency called Elections Canada. - To vote, you must be 18 or older and a Canadian citizen. - Voting is available in person on election day, during advance voting, or by mail-in ballot.
- 选举至少每四年举行一次，但可以提前举行。 - 加拿大分为多个选区（又称选区），每个选区选举一名下议院议员。 - 在每个选区中获得最多选票的候选人获胜（简单多数制）。 - 赢得最多当选议员的政党将受邀组建政府。 - 如果一个政党赢得超过半数的席位，则组成多数政府。 - 如果该政党赢得的席位少于半数，但仍多于其他政党，则组成少数政府。 - 总理是获胜政党的领导人。 - 联邦选举由名为加拿大选举局的独立机构管理。 - 您必须年满 18 岁且是加拿大公民才能投票。 - 您可以在选举日亲自投票、提前投票或通过邮寄投票进行投票。
Each province and territory in Canada has its own government structure, which operates similarly to the federal system but handles regional responsibilities. Provinces are in charge of healthcare, education, transportation, natural resources, property and civil rights, and other services that directly affect people in that area. The territories (Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut) have similar responsibilities but receive more direct support from the federal government due to their unique governance structures.
At the provincial level, there is also an executive branch led by the Premier, who is the head of government for the province. Just like at the federal level, the Lieutenant Governor represents the King as the ceremonial head of state. Each province has a legislature, usually called the Legislative Assembly, where Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs), Members of Provincial Parliament (MPPs), or MNAs/ MHAs (depending on the province) debate and pass laws.
加拿大的每个省和地区都有自己的政府架构，其运作方式与联邦制类似，但各自负责区域事务。各省负责医疗保健、教育、交通、自然资源、财产和公民权利以及其他直接影响当地居民的服务。各地区（育空地区、西北地区、努纳武特地区）也承担类似的责任，但由于其独特的治理结构，它们会获得联邦政府更直接的支持。 省级行政机构由省长领导，省长是该省的政府首脑。与联邦一样，副总督代表国王，是礼仪性国家元首。每个省都有一个立法机构，通常称为立法议会，立法议会议员 (MLA)、省议会议员 (MPP) 或省议员/内政部长（取决于省份）在此辩论并通过法律。
- Each province/territory holds elections to choose members for its Legislative Assembly. - Most provinces use the first-past-the-post system — the candidate with the most votes in each district wins. - Each electoral district (riding) elects one representative (MLA/MPP/MNA/MHA). - The political party with the most elected members is invited to form the government. - If they win more than half the seats, it’s a majority government; otherwise, it’s a minority government. - The Premier is the leader of the winning party and becomes the head of the provincial government. - Lieutenant Governor (appointed by the federal government) represents the Crown in the province and performs ceremonial roles. - Voting eligibility is the same as federal: you must be a Canadian citizen, 18 or older, and registered to vote in the province. - Voting methods usually include in-person voting, advance voting, and mail-in ballots. - Each province has its own independent elections agency (e.g., Elections Ontario, Elections BC).
- 每个省/地区都会举行选举，选出其立法议会议员。 - 大多数省份采用简单多数制——每个选区得票最多的候选人获胜。 - 每个选区（riding）选出一名代表（省议员/省议员/省议员/内政部长）。 - 拥有最多当选议员的政党将受邀组建政府。 - 如果该政党赢得超过半数席位，则组成多数政府；否则，组成少数政府。 - 省长是获胜政党的领导人，并成为省政府首脑。 - 副省长（由联邦政府任命）代表王室在该省行使礼仪性职务。 - 投票资格与联邦相同：您必须是年满18周岁的加拿大公民，并在该省登记投票。 - 投票方式通常包括现场投票、提前投票和邮寄投票。 - 每个省都有自己独立的选举机构（例如安大略省选举局、不列颠哥伦比亚省选举局）。
加拿大的每个省和地区都有自己的政府架构，其运作方式与联邦制类似，但各自负责区域事务。各省负责医疗保健、教育、交通、自然资源、财产和公民权利以及其他直接影响当地居民的服务。各地区（育空地区、西北地区、努纳武特地区）也承担类似的责任，但由于其独特的治理结构，它们会获得联邦政府更直接的支持。 省级行政机构由省长领导，省长是该省的政府首脑。与联邦一样，副总督代表国王，是礼仪性国家元首。每个省都有一个立法机构，通常称为立法议会，立法议会议员 (MLA)、省议会议员 (MPP) 或省议员/内政部长（取决于省份）在此辩论并通过法律。
- Each province/territory holds elections to choose members for its Legislative Assembly. - Most provinces use the first-past-the-post system — the candidate with the most votes in each district wins. - Each electoral district (riding) elects one representative (MLA/MPP/MNA/MHA). - The political party with the most elected members is invited to form the government. - If they win more than half the seats, it’s a majority government; otherwise, it’s a minority government. - The Premier is the leader of the winning party and becomes the head of the provincial government. - Lieutenant Governor (appointed by the federal government) represents the Crown in the province and performs ceremonial roles. - Voting eligibility is the same as federal: you must be a Canadian citizen, 18 or older, and registered to vote in the province. - Voting methods usually include in-person voting, advance voting, and mail-in ballots. - Each province has its own independent elections agency (e.g., Elections Ontario, Elections BC).
- 每个省/地区都会举行选举，选出其立法议会议员。 - 大多数省份采用简单多数制——每个选区得票最多的候选人获胜。 - 每个选区（riding）选出一名代表（省议员/省议员/省议员/内政部长）。 - 拥有最多当选议员的政党将受邀组建政府。 - 如果该政党赢得超过半数席位，则组成多数政府；否则，组成少数政府。 - 省长是获胜政党的领导人，并成为省政府首脑。 - 副省长（由联邦政府任命）代表王室在该省行使礼仪性职务。 - 投票资格与联邦相同：您必须是年满18周岁的加拿大公民，并在该省登记投票。 - 投票方式通常包括现场投票、提前投票和邮寄投票。 - 每个省都有自己独立的选举机构（例如安大略省选举局、不列颠哥伦比亚省选举局）。
Municipal governments in Canada are the local governments responsible for running cities, towns, villages, and rural areas. They operate under the authority of provincial or territorial governments, which means provinces decide how municipalities are formed and what powers they have. While they don’t have the same constitutional status as provincial or federal governments, they play a crucial role in people’s daily lives.
Municipal governments handle local services such as garbage collection, recycling, public transit, water supply, sewage, road maintenance, snow removal, public libraries, fire protection, parks, zoning, and building permits. The head of a municipal government is usually a Mayor (or Reeve in rural areas), and the governing body is the Municipal Council, made up of councillors elected by residents.
加拿大的市政府是负责管理城市、城镇、村庄和乡村地区的地方政府。它们在省或地区政府的领导下运作，这意味着各省决定市政府的组建方式及其权力。虽然市政府不具备与省或联邦政府同等的宪法地位，但它们在人们的日常生活中发挥着至关重要的作用。 市政府负责处理垃圾收集、回收利用、公共交通、供水、污水处理、道路维护、除雪、公共图书馆、消防、公园、分区规划和建筑许可等地方服务。市政府的首脑通常是市长（在农村地区称为里夫），而市政府的管理机构是市议会，由居民选举产生的议员组成。
- Municipal elections are held regularly, typically every 4 years, but the exact timing is set by the province. - Each municipality is divided into wards or districts, each represented by a councillor. - The candidate with the most votes wins — usually a first-past-the-post system. - Municipal elections are non-partisan in many places — candidates often don’t run under a political party. - To vote, you must be a Canadian citizen, 18 years or older, and live or own property in the municipality. - Voting options include in-person voting, advance polls, and mail-in voting (varies by region). - Municipal elections are managed by local municipal election offices, not a national or provincial agency. - Elected municipal councils make decisions through bylaws, local budgets, and community planning.
- 市政选举定期举行，通常每四年举行一次，但具体时间由各省自行决定。 - 每个市镇划分为多个选区或选区，每个选区由一名议员代表。 - 得票最多的候选人获胜——通常采用简单多数制。 - 许多地方的市政选举不分党派——候选人通常不代表任何政党参选。 - 要投票，您必须是年满 18 周岁的加拿大公民，并在该市镇居住或拥有房产。 - 投票方式包括现场投票、提前投票和邮寄投票（因地区而异）。 - 市政选举由地方市政选举办公室管理，而非国家或省级机构。 - 民选的市政委员会通过地方法规、地方预算和社区规划做出决策。
加拿大的市政府是负责管理城市、城镇、村庄和乡村地区的地方政府。它们在省或地区政府的领导下运作，这意味着各省决定市政府的组建方式及其权力。虽然市政府不具备与省或联邦政府同等的宪法地位，但它们在人们的日常生活中发挥着至关重要的作用。 市政府负责处理垃圾收集、回收利用、公共交通、供水、污水处理、道路维护、除雪、公共图书馆、消防、公园、分区规划和建筑许可等地方服务。市政府的首脑通常是市长（在农村地区称为里夫），而市政府的管理机构是市议会，由居民选举产生的议员组成。
- Municipal elections are held regularly, typically every 4 years, but the exact timing is set by the province. - Each municipality is divided into wards or districts, each represented by a councillor. - The candidate with the most votes wins — usually a first-past-the-post system. - Municipal elections are non-partisan in many places — candidates often don’t run under a political party. - To vote, you must be a Canadian citizen, 18 years or older, and live or own property in the municipality. - Voting options include in-person voting, advance polls, and mail-in voting (varies by region). - Municipal elections are managed by local municipal election offices, not a national or provincial agency. - Elected municipal councils make decisions through bylaws, local budgets, and community planning.
- 市政选举定期举行，通常每四年举行一次，但具体时间由各省自行决定。 - 每个市镇划分为多个选区或选区，每个选区由一名议员代表。 - 得票最多的候选人获胜——通常采用简单多数制。 - 许多地方的市政选举不分党派——候选人通常不代表任何政党参选。 - 要投票，您必须是年满 18 周岁的加拿大公民，并在该市镇居住或拥有房产。 - 投票方式包括现场投票、提前投票和邮寄投票（因地区而异）。 - 市政选举由地方市政选举办公室管理，而非国家或省级机构。 - 民选的市政委员会通过地方法规、地方预算和社区规划做出决策。